Celebrating King Sejong, again and again we come across ideas that sound rather modern, and we would not hesitate to accept them as a motto for the present time:

"In all his endeavors, Sejong strove to implement this Neo-Confucian vision of a world in which men lived in harmony with their fellow men and mankind lived in harmony with nature" (Baker 1992/1997:10).

It is a result of global development that people of different nations and countries increasingly learn about each other, that such knowledge helps to improve worldwide communication and mutual understanding. King Sejong thought of his aim in a more or less Korean dimension, but nowadays this noble aim is a worldwide vision, may it be approached from a Neo-Confucian, a Christian, or any other perspective, including an atheist one. But even the most wonderful world vision is not just self-fulfilling. Humanities, international studies, and the study of individual countries play an important role in approaching this goal.

2. Korean Studies

Part of this great field is Korean Studies in a wider sense, which-with respect to the people involved-consistis of two basic stages or phases:

First-involving beginners and students-the process of learning the Korean language and gaining knowledge of Korean history and culture, business and law.

Second-involving graduates and scholars-the long-term or even life-long close relationship with Korea, teaching, researching and publishing about all aspects of the country, working in different fields, as in business and organizations, media and politics, on the basis of a solid knowledge of Korea and the Korean partner.

Both periods ideally include mutually friendly and stable relationships between partners from both sides, and, last but not least, personal friendship.

The situation of Korean studies (in a narrower sense as a field of academic study and research) in Europe, including Germany, has been discussed in several publications. Most recently, the Korea Journal (3/1996: 5-19) has published a "Discussion: Korean Studies in the 21st century," which was held by outstanding figures in the field. Their general assessment also holds for Germany:

"The number of researchers is still small and teaching positions are few. Until recently, most of the scholars who are specialized in Korean Studies did so because of their personal histories. There were few people who majored in Korean studies and studied it in a systematic way" (Bouchez 1996: 6).

It was these pioneers who paved the ground for what we have now: the chance to study in a Korean department more systematically than was possible before. Academic Korean Studies in Germany has a short and brave history, and one should think that the natural result of such a beginning would be steady growth. Unfortunately, this is not what has happened. There seems to be no further development: teaching positions, not to mention professorships, are still extremely scarce. As for German unification, it has not brought a synergetic effect for Korean studies but rather loss: stagnation in the West and boiling down of the former complex capacity of the East.

Thus Korean Studies is an academic field that has first of all to solidify and defend its modest place between the well-established academic fields of Chinese and Japanese studies. There was consensus among the discussants that it should be developed in close collaboration with the two sister fields-and to Mongolian studies, if available, one should add. Both views, the Asian and the Western one, should be worked out in their individuality to complement each other and be discussed in "rational intellectual debates" (Sul 1996: 15). Strategically, i.e., looking ahead to the 21st century, Korean Studies is to be developed

"as a scholarship which will enable us to understand the particularity of Korean society and culture, thus to contribute to world culture, while discovering universality within it" (Cho 1996: 12f.).

In accordance with today's increasing international exchange, there is a tendency in Germany as elsewhere to separately establish specialized Asian research dealing with contemporary questions like modern business and law. We should welcome this trend as well as any other activity to expand Asia-related research-as long as they do not cannibalize the existing capacity of traditional research, which is small enough and partly endangered (Bouchez 1996: 18). What is needed rather is cooperation. The foundation of new centers (hopefully also increasingly dedicated to Korea) is part of a process of diversification and specialization, and we should not hesitate to think of and demand this also for traditional studies, i.e., a general expansion of Korea-related research and teaching capacity. If the new centers develop in active communication with traditional research, we eventually may achieve true

"scholarship on the Korean people" (Sul 1996:12),

with "Korean people" referring to Koreans in Korea, Koreans abroad, Koreans in modern times and in the past-in sum: to Korea and Koreans in all their aspects.

This sounds like nice dream, doesn't it. But young people who are interested in Korea and finally do enroll in a Korean department usually wouldn't know about all these problems. So let's switch to what I have called the first stage of Korean Studies: to beginners and students. Entering university, what do they know about Korea?

3. Korea and learning from TV

I would like to draw attention to an institution that greatly contributes to the spread of knowledge about the world: television. I will focus on German TV and the way Korea and its neighbours are represented on the 25 TV channels, both public and private, broadcasting in German language which I can receive where I live, i.e., in Koenigs Wusterhausen southeast of Berlin. Switching historic levels from today to the past, I will occasionally be looking at the time and reign of King Sejong and ask what he would propose to solve the problems accounted for. Here comes a first relevant statement:

"Sejong shared the Neo-Confucian assumption that if people only knew what they should do, they would do it. Ignorance was the primary cause of mistakes and misbehaviour. The best way to overcome ignorance and let people know what they should do was to educate them. And the best way to educate the maximum number of people in the shortest amount of time was to produce books for them to read and to study" (Baker 1992/97: 11).

Han'gul and an improved method of printing contributed to achieving this aim (we should, of course, be aware of the fact that the intention "to educate the maximum number of people" was definitely not an intention to educate the whole of the population: the privilege of literacy was heavily defended by those who enjoyed it, and it continued to exist for centuries).

Nowadays, reading is still a major source of education, but in addition to it new methods have come up. If King Sejong ruled today, I am sure he would be fond of video recorders as an instrument of learning from TV and he would urge us to actively make use of them.

Try it and you will be surprised: a video recorder may change your life. What is worth being taped and preserved? No question, to a person working in the Korean field anything related to Korea has top priority. At home and amongst friends we often used to discuss things we had seen on TV, and with increasing intensity of political development, one day we decided to tape the stuff to have it on hand for further discussion. Thus my new video life began roughly 20 months ago with the careful study of TV-magazines. I paid special attention to find pieces about Korea.

As for the daily news, again and again Korea is a big topic. Just think of roughly the last 12 months: two former presidents sentenced, the submarine affair, the scandal of the new labour law and the strikes, the Hanbo scandal, repeated trouble on the demarcation line, demonstrations of students and never ending clouds of tear gas, the mysterious defection of Hwang Jang Yop, famine in the North. News from Korea has repeatedly produced main international headlines over several consecutive days: surprising, gripping, both admirable and threatening, unbelievable and tragic. TV makes us know of Korea as a politically highly sensitive and active country. As a natural result of this, one cannot but become curious about the history and culture of the Korean people.

Although TV provides us with the running news and comments, history and culture are beyond the focus. This is strange since Asia in general-including individual countries like Korea's neighbours Japan, China, and also Mongolia-are well covered by all sorts of features on many aspects of geography, history, culture, and modern life. There is a real Asian boom on German TV. Many Chinese and Japanese films are shown; Korean films are rare. In order to make sure whether prior to these 20 months of my investigation Korea might have played a greater role, I consulted friends and colleagues who are interested enough not to miss broadcasts about Korea on TV. The unanimous answer was: the Olympics were an exception; for the rest of the time it was like today.

I would like to derive a question from this situation: Can it not probably be related to what was recently stated by Werner Sasse about freshmen in his department? After having spent 12 to 13 years at school,

"the student starts from knowing practically nothing about KC (=Korean Culture)" (Werner Sasse in Korea Journal 3/1997: 29),

i.e., a teacher always has to be aware of and take into account

"how little knowledge (and how many prejudices!) the general public outside Korea has about this country" (Werner Sasse in Korea Journal 3/1997: 22).

Almost every German high school student lives in an individual room in the house or apartment of his parents. Many, if not most, of the students have a TV set of their own. They are often said to watch only music, horror, and crime, but this is only part of the truth. Being young intellectuals they are interested in all sorts of programmes and they do watch all sorts of programmes. There even is a nice "anti-school" song of a German teeny band: "Meine Bildung hab ich aus'm Fernseh'n, Fernseh'n, ..." - "I got my education from TV, TV ...".

Look at the tables I have prepared (added in the end of the paper). They show what high school students can see on TV about other peoples and countries. It is a rich supply of high quality reports about past and present; styles and cultures; political, economic, cultural, and miscellaneous other aspects of international life. Whatever they are interested in, they can learn about the whole world.

My claim is that there might be a connection between the long-term very low presence of Korea on TV (cf. above: except for the running daily news) on the one hand and "the students knowing practically nothing about Korean culture" on the other. Before we have a closer look at the details about Korea on German TV, let us see how well Korea's neighbours are represented.

4. Korea and her neighbours on German TV

I will look at three countries: China, Japan, and-though not a direct neighbour-Mongolia. I will be giving both a short-term analysis of a single week, July 19-25, 1997 (this week is a random choice from the calendar: it was just the week when I finished the English version of this paper), and a long-term analysis offering a broader review of the 20 months of observation from December 1995 to July 1997.

China in the week analyzed

It comes as no surprise that China gains most attention. The week analyzed in the table has the following offerings (in the first column the time is indicated followed by the length in minutes, e.g. 06.30-07.20=40 means a broadcast of 40 minutes in length):

***Saturday***: History of China 06.30-07.20=40; WDR; Der erste chin. Kaiser; The first emperor of China (part 2 of 3 parts)

The early time is part of the educational program in the West German station WDR. They often repeat things in the morning which were shown in the afternoon one or a few days before.

***Tuesday***: Chinese cooking methods 12.00-12.30=30; WDR; Essen und Trinken: Chinesische Kochmethoden; Eating and drinking: Chinese cooking methods

"Eating and Dringking" is a wonderful series covering all sorts of kitchen know-how and recipes from Germany and abroad. This would be the best place to get in Korean cooking and, of course, Kimchi making, but also to explain the methods of preparing the wonderful traditional Korean sweets made from sesame, nuts, rice, and honey.

***Wednesday***: International church life in Hong Kong 10.03-10.45=42; ARD; Luther in Hong Kong; Lutheran Church meeting in Hong Kong

This feature is repeated here from the evening program some days ago.

***Thursday***: Two pieces about life in China today 16.30-17.15=45; 3sat; Schlangengott und Millionaer - Menschen in der Provinz Fujian/China; The snake god and the millionaire - People in the province of Fujian/China

This is 45 minutes about the economic development in the province of Fujian showing how tradition and modern life are intertwined.

22.00-22.30=30; N3; WeltBilder; reports from abroad (weekly), incl. part 2 of a summer series on China: The Uigurs in Kaschgar

N3WeltBilder is one of the weekly political magazines about the world (the grey shadow indicates that it is a weekly magazine). It was created some time ago to close a gap: The North German program wanted its own magazine about international politics. N3WeltBilder consists of recent reports from different sources. During the summer these reports have little series included and at the moment they are reporting about aspects of life in China. This magazine has its original broadcasting slot on Thursday night and is repeated on Friday morning.

***Friday***: Arts in China 18.15-19.00=45; 3sat; Reisewege zur Kunst: China ; Journey to the arts: China. >From Suzhou to Hangzhou (part 2 of 5 parts about China)

"Reisewege zur Kunst" - "Travel routes to the arts" - is really a great series that takes the viewers around the world. Recently many new pieces have been shot in Eastern European countries which can be travelled in a new way since the turn in Europe. This series may be seen as a very special travel magazine that gives description and seeks understanding of art and culture. The five parts about China were produced roughly 7 to 8 years ago and are, of course, not broadcast for the first time.

Summarizing this single week: isn't there a lot that you can see about the history and culture, politics, and everyday life of China? Without double-calculating the time of repetitions it adds up to 200 minutes, that is, 3 hours and 20 minutes.

Let's have a look now at how China is represented over the last 20 month.

China over the last 20 months

I should make a remark here on China and the following countries. Although the one week analyzed is more or less complete I cannot guarantee absolute exhaustiveness of the analysis of the 20 months. It has turned out to be quite a business to keep in step with the programmes. I hope that my collection is at least nearly complete, that it contains at least as much as you can get under average living conditions. Being at a conference or otherwise absent for a time, you also would miss something. It may also happen that the actual programme on the screen differs from what is announced in the printed listings. For instance, when the German cyclist Jan Ullrich began doing so well during the Tour de France this year, they dropped the afternoon program in the state-run channels (third programs) and sent Tour reports every day. Thus also the features of my interest are dropped occasionally. Furthermore, I might also have missed something hidden in a magazine, or sometimes a title might not clearly indicate the contents. There is, e.g., a series about environmental problems in China with the title "The dying dragon". A friend of mine informed me about this series which he had accidentally come across. Since many of the big series are borrowed back and forth between the public programs, mainly the third programs, I was sure it would be repeated some day and indeed it was. In general, I hope, the review will be representative and interesting.

To arrange the material, I made up the following five categories:
1. thematic series about China of two or three up to more than ten parts
2. single features about China of 30 to 60 minutes, in some cases 75 to 90 minutes
3. reports of 15 to 20 minutes
4. a piece about China in a regular limited series (e.g., "Fernoestliche Heilmethoden" - "Far Eastern Healing methods", containing a part about Qigong in China)
5. a piece about China in a nonregular unlimited series (e.g., "Strassenbahnen der Welt" - "Trams (trolley lines) of the world" containing reports about the tram (trolley line) in Changchun or Hong Kong).

And there are, of course, the shorter pieces in the news and current political magazines. The current reports are usually produced by German reporters; single pieces and the series are sometimes produced by another country or international teams. Some of the series and bigger productions are listed here for information:

- "Der erste chinesische Kaiser" - "The first emperor of China" - 3 parts / each 60 minutes

- "Der Gelbe Fluss"- "The Yellow river" - 9 parts / each 50 minutes - "Menschen und Schicksale am Yangtse"- "People and destinies on the river Yangtse" - 3 parts / each 45 minutes

- "China unter Mao" - "China under Mao" - 2 parts /each 60minutes - "Der sterbende Drache - Umweltzerstoerung in China" - "The dying dragon - Environmental destruction in China" - 3 parts / each 3 minutes

- "China - Der Gigant erwacht" - "China - The giant awakens" - 2 parts / each 60 minutes

- "China" - series in 4 parts / each 45 minutes

- "Odyssee 3000: Gero von Boehm berichtet: Wer den Drachen weckt - Chinas Zukunft" - "Odyssey 3000: Gero von Boehm reporting: Who awakens the dragon - China's future" - 2 parts / each 45 minutes

Altogether my Chinese archive contains material of roughly 80 hours in length. This means that I could invite you to video sessions about China for more than six days with a 12-hour performance each day.

At the end of June 1997, Hong Kong was returned to China. For roughly one year Hong Kong has been especially focussed on by German TV. We saw series and single features about life in Hong Kong, its history, and its relationship to China and the southeast Asian countries. At the end of June this year the frequency again increased. Altogether my Hong Kong archives add up to roughly 25 hours; i.e., we could add two more 12-hour sessions, thus ending up with eight days.

In the southwest of China lie part of the Himalayas and Tibet. You can travel there on German TV almost every week. My collection offers 30, hours including a series of 13 parts about the Himalayas, each part 30 minutes long, for a total of six and a half hours. This series (which is, of course, not restricted to the Himalayan territory within the borders of the People's Republic of China) is obviously one of the favourites of TV program makers. It is floating through the third programmes and somehow is almost permanently present.-If we add this material to our video session, we can even have ten days of 12-hour video events. Taiwan and Macao would't make up enough for another day, but there are bits and pieces about these two parts of the world as well. Now, what about Japan?

Japan in the week analyzed

According to my investigation there were two features about Japan in the week analyzed:

***Saturday (repeated on Sonday)***: Life in Japan 10.00-10.30=30; WDR; Ferne Welten; Distant worlds (part 3 of 8 parts: Fishing in Japan)

***Friday***: Business in Japan 20.15-21.00=45; 3sat; Die Welt der schimmernden Traeume - Rudolf Voll und die Perlenboerse in Tokio; The world of glittering dreams: Rudolf Voll - Trading pearls at the Tokyo pearl auction

Japan over the last 20 months

As compared to China, the single Japanese week looks rather different and reflects the situation of the 20 months: clearly, much less attention is paid to Japan. What is missing-at least in the time reported about-are the big series, the historical and cultural reviews. The material I have found consists mainly of what I have called category 2 and 3: single features of 30 to 60 minutes and several shorter reports of 10 or 20 minutes. And there are several parts about Japan in series of category 4; e.g., in a series about architecture of the next millennium, Japanese architecture plays a great role. And oddly enough, Sumo wrestling is becoming more and more a fashionable sport in Europe, so that there is quite a lot of reporting about Sumo as part of Japanese culture and its status in modern life.

In sum, my Japanese material adds up to roughly twelve hours. Furthermore, a special type of permanent presence of Japan results from business news and stock market reviews.

Mongolia

Having heard about China and Japan-what would you expect about Mongolia? Well, nothing in the week analyzed, but a lot in the last 20 months. Several series were shown about Mongolia, its history, nature, and people. These series resemble the great series about China, they take time and all efforts to portray the country and its people. A good example is "Taiga - Bei den Nomaden in der Monglolei" - "Taiga - The life of Mongolian nomads" - consisting of 9 parts of 45 minutes each.

On quite rare occasions Mongolia appears in the news, occasionally there are reports about life in new Mongolia. Beyond this it is a topic of adventurous travel magazines: Mongolia, the land of almost unlimited journeys in all directions for people who love to travel in uncrowded areas. North, east, south, west, grand overwhelming landscape guaranteed.

Thus, we find Mongolia well represented in the first three categories. It also occurs in category 4, e.g., in the series about Far Eastern healing methods already mentioned: part 4 introduces "Airag and Barag in Mongolia" (the series also has parts about Vietnam, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and Nepal. There is no Japanese or Korean part). The total Mongolian material I have collected adds up to roughly 20 hours.

I have not yet come across a feature about Mongolia in what I have called category 5, i.e., something like "My Ulan Bator" as part of a city series introducing a city from the very individual perspective of the journalist, or "By train through Mongolia" introducing train routes.

Korea

Let's have a look at Korea now. The quantity of material, roughly eight hours, is, closer to the amount of the Japanese than to Chinese or the Mongolian material. The main categories are 2 and 3. To be precise I will list the single items:

Category 2: features about Korea of ca. 30 to 60 minutes:

"Das Modell Suedkorea - Eine Nation im Autofieber" - "The model country of South Korea - A nation in car fever", vox (S-Zett magazine), 35 minutes

"Sanft und radikal - Frauen am Ende der Geduld" - "Gentle and radical - Women losing patience", 3sat, 25 minutes

"Korea: Tradition nur noch im Museum" - "Korea: Tradition surviving only in museums", 3sat, 25 minutes

"Comfort Girls" (South Korean feature adapted for German TV), N3, 67 minutes

"November-Elegie - Portraet Yun Isang" - "November elegy - Portrait of Yun Isang", B1, 60 minutes

"Auf der Suche nach Korea: Der Regisseur Im Kwon Taek" - "In search of Korea: the film maker Im Kwon Taek", arte, 60 minutes

In addition to these bigger things there were smaller ones, which might go in what I have called category 3: reports of 10 or 20 minutes:

"Mit offenen Karten: Korea" - "Discussing maps: Korea", part 1 and 2, arte, 2 x 10 minutes = 20 minutes

"Suedkorea - Erloesung um jeden Preis" - "South Korea - Salvation at any price" (report about the Yoido Full Gospel Church) WDR, 15 minutes

And there are the 5- to 10-minute pieces on current political affairs, mainly in the world magazines "Weltspiegel" - "Mirror of the World" of the first programm (ARD), "Auslandsjournal" - "Foreign country journal" of the second program (ZDF), or "ausland" - "Foreign countries" on 3sat, e.g.,

- the presidential affairs: arrest, sentences, election

- legal affairs: the "national disease" of corruption; the new labour law

- labour affairs: the strikes, with special comments about trade unions in South Korea

- diplomatic affairs: Clinton coming to Seoul

- sports news: a delicate cooperation: South Korea and Japan and the next football world championship

- North Korean affairs: trouble on the border, in particular during presidential elections, the submarine affair, flood and famine, and and in general the incalculable North and the cold war between North and South including the extreme anticommunism of the South.

But-alas-there was also a report about Shim Jin Song, who told us that the cold war will not become a hot war on the peninsula, and this is at least a friendly and peaceful statement. Altogether there were roughly ten to fifteen items in these news magazines. Furthermore I have found something that could be grouped in 5:

"In einem Zug durch Suedkorea" - "By train through South Korea", B1, 45 minutes

"Kinder dieser Erde: Soon-i, Korea" - "Children of this world: Soon-i from Korea", B1, 25 minutes

The train journey is a recent production, but little Kim Soon-i is most certainly in her twenties now: this feature of a Japanese series about children of the world was adapted for German TV and my guess is that it is from the early seventies (no date indicated).

I should also mention a modern art series with the title "Kunststreifzuege" - "Art expedition", produced by the North German third program N3, which reports about artists working in the north of Germany. One artist's name is Eun Nim Ro. She came to Germany as a nurse and switched to fine arts. Now she was interviewed as a Korean painter in Germany.

A Korean artist in Germany-this touches upon the question of foreigners in Germany. There are several series and programmes discussing this question, but-except for the nurse to artist story-I don't know of a Korean feature. And vice versa: Although Germans abroad is a well-established topic, I have not heard of a feature about Germans in Korea.

Except for the two features mentioned, I am not aware of pieces focussing on Korea in series of what I have called category 5, i.e., international features under a thematic umbrella like "Museums of the World", "The journey of your dreams" (Traumziele), "Travel routes to the arts" (Reisewege zur Kunst), islands, rivers, cities, ports, trams, of the world, etc.

Summing up Korea on German TV and having this 20 months' collection in one place, it looks as if things are not that bad. But if you distribute the collection over the many programmes and the approximately two years of compilation, you will easily accept the final result that although Korea is not really absent from German TV, you would almost have to look for it with a magnifying glass.

Unlike China and Mongolia but similar to Japan, the missing thing is the big series introducing the country and her people. You may easily miss a single item squeezed into a dense program. But you wouldn't miss a series broadcast at a fixed date once a week over ten weeks, or in two weeks from Monday to Friday. What about a series of, say, ten parts about Korea? Or a bigger two-part program on a weekend?

5. Prospects for the future

I am a linguist. I blame my video recorder for having plunged me into the adventure of analyzing German TV. But once I had done so much empirical work and was quite disappointed about what I had found out, I wanted to check the results: in TV magazines you find the telephone numbers of all TV stations. I simply rang many of them and explained my question:

"I am working linguistically with Koreans and we often also discuss the development of Korea, which is an increasingly important country in Asia both economically and politically. We have been wondering why-except for the running news-there is so little information about Korea. Is this impression correct or might we probably have missed the best Korean stuff on your channel?"

I got many answers, e.g.,

"You are right, we have nothing about Korea, I couldn't tell you why"; "Oh yes, we have great travel magazines, but I can't remember our having had a team in Korea, at least not in the last two years. And before? Well, no, I am afraid not"; "We are a regional station and don't have the funds to produce such exotic things"; "We would take in stuff but we have nothing of our own and I can't remember anything ever having been offered" ...

In the beginning I did my video taping just for our private use. But the more I did, the more it became a kind of TV research project; and the more we discussed the problem amongst friends and in our family, the more I eventually felt persuaded to summarize the results as a paper. This paper is a first approach to the problem and is exclusively dedicated to TV (being probably the most important source of general information). It goes without saying that in future studies also print media, i.e., newspapers, journals, and the book market, should be taken into consideration.

My conclusion is that the present situation is disappointing and rather anachronistic: we observe a gap* (see footnote in the end of the text) widening, a gap between the speed and weight of the development of Korea and the way we develop our understanding of this process. Today we do not need only the running news but more explanation and a broader view. This broader view must include both the economic and political as well as the historical and cultural dimensions of the fast and fascinating process which only at the surface is and temporarily looks like complete westernization. After some decades of hasty change the country faces the task of keeping in touch with the stream of its own history and re-discovering its own culture. What Korea approaches is a new integration of the components belonging together: life in a modern open society standing on the firm ground of an individual culture and tradition.

To make this process better understood outside Korea, skillful cooperation and interpretation is needed. And that is where Korean Studies and modern media should join in and combine their efforts and ideas. The present IAKLE conference is held in close connection with the Conference of the Commemoration of King Sejong. To honor King Sejong: that may also mean to learn from him. There is one idea in particular, the revival of which would most certainly not cause his anger: his wonderful academy of science and fine art, the Chiphyonjon.

"The Chiphyonjon, or Hall or Academy of Worthies, was a royal research institute founded at the behest of King Sejong (r. 1418-1450) in 1420"... "The scholars working in the Chiphyonjon generally numbered around twenty at any one time, though this number varied according to needs of specific projects" (Hejtmanek 1992/1997: 21).

"The duties assigned to the Chiphyonjon were wide-ranging, involving both scholarly endeavors and political advising" (Hejtmanek 1992/1997: 22).

"... and the compilation of works deemed important to the state. The latter task is especially noteworthy: among the dozens of compilation projects supervised by the Chiphyonjon scholars were those on agriculture, Confucian thought, history, geography, law, linguistics and medicine" (Hejtmanek 1992/1997: 23).

Just close your eyes and think of all this on TV: agriculture, a modern view of Confucian thought, history, geography, law, linguistics, and medicine ... and there are many more topics we can think of. It is so easy to build a bridge from past to present and to translate book compilation into the age of TV and videomaking. And again, as mentioned in the beginning, we should add an international component: what King Sejong thought of in a Korean frame is now to be taken in an international setting. International communication and political discours is a huge stream of ideas, and TV is one of the major inputs feeding this stream. It would be nice to have some more Korean pieces and colors in this international stream.

One of the most fascinating aspects of the Chiphyonjon is the age of the scholars: they joined the club at the age of 20 to 30. Speaking about a "modern media Chiphyonjon" thus means to address students and young graduates-both Korean and German-and that is what I would like to do:

- Think of media projects and make proposals for programmes about Korea and its people, history and culture, business and law.

- What comes to my mind first is King Sejong. What about taking the bulk of knowledge about him accumulated by both Korean and foreign scholars and translating it into a TV feature? Above all, we honor him for his outstanding promotion of intellectual life and the creation of Hangul. That is what we know most about and Sejong is famous for having laid so much emphasis on this. Other kings are famous, for instance, for their military merits. But also Sejong had more to do than to guide the intellectual life in his country. Thus, in contrast to his outstanding intellectual achievements, we know him as quite a "normal" king of his time when it comes to "normal tasks" of a king such as the construction of a city wall (Goethel 1996: 36-37, 50-51). At least from my point of view, it is just this contrast that makes the progressive aspects all the more outstanding, admirable, and important. A look at Europe in the 15th century and insights from parallel history should really be enriching for both sides.

- What else comes to my mind is the catalogue of the treasures of Korea. The items of Korea's cultural heritage are accurately enumerated. I would dream of a series introducing these treasures one by one or in a mosaic of films. Perhaps such a series could become a great long-running hit for German TV?

- Think of old and new religions in Korea, of Buddhism and Christian churches and their coexistence. By the way, in Europe a steadily growing interest in Eastern religions has developed, people are interested in the way they are integrated in everyday life and help to understand life. Many Germans are seriously learning about Buddhism and I am sure there is much interest also to learn about the Korean Buddhist tradition.

- What about modern music and arts?

- The Korean-German bilateral relationship should also be an exciting topic. How has Korea's admiration for Germany grown? Who were the influential figures contributing to the image Germany has in Korea? What about this image today? What do Korean students know about Germany?

- This leads to the more general question: How does the image of a country come into being? If the level of knowledge about Korea is so low-is there an "image of Korea" at all in Germany or does it wait to be designed? What does image making mean today, as compared to an image having arisen prior to the age of modern media and permanent worldwide communication?

- Perhaps there are students (or graduates and young professionals) of journalism and sociology who would be interested in analyzing public opinion in Germany about Korea and in Korea about Germany? Perhaps there are students in Korean departments who would love to cooperate with students of sociology, philosophy or anthropology? And wouldn't there also be students of filmmaking? You need a nice little team to produce TV features-as for Germany, I am sure that there are Korean students here majoring in all these and several other subjects, and that there are graduates and young professionals who would be able to approach such tasks.

This brings us to another important point which has also been touched upon in the discussion in the Korea Journal mentioned above: Many Koreans are studying abroad or living abroad with their families and sooner or later they

"look at Korean culture from a dual perspective" (Sul 1996: 14).

This dual perspective is so important that it was even proposed to

"include Korean communities abroad much more seriously as part of core Korean studies" and to "aggressively recruit researchers from them" (Sul 1996: 14).

Well, aggression is a hard word and a hard thing to do. But if it is not directed against people but directed towards the creation of teaching and research positions, I would very much appreciate it. Such "aggression" can really help to expand Korean studies in and beyond universities and to develop it with a sense of cooperation. The main aim should be to increase the general presence of Korea in the academic fields and in the media in order to increase the general knowledge of the country and to contribute to a fair image-making process.

To come to the end now I would like to consult the time and reign of King Sejong again:

"Another example of unique and cultural innovations of King Sejong found in the Sejong Sillok is the system of appeals to the government. Sejong was noted for listening to appeals from common folk. He allowed any commoner, who had a legitimate grievance, to beat the drum at the magistrate's office and thereupon he would be heard " (Peterson 1992/1997: 18).

I am such "a commoner" and this paper is meant to express my legitimate grievance about the low presence of Korea on German TV. This low presence on TV is mirrored by the low academic presence and the little knowledge about Korea in general. It is like a vicious circle: one deficit feeds into the other.

The intention of this paper was to focus on one of the very important segments of this circle: TV. I dare to say that it contributes to the low number of German students enrolling in Korean departments: young people do not learn about Korea in what is probably the most natural way they learn about the world today-from TV. Therefore I would like to "beat the drum" at both German and Korean magistrates' offices and ask them to be courageous and think about a "modern media Chiphyonjon". We need more knowledge and understanding of Korea. It is more than the mere "in-between" country. It is an interesting pivot of the region and a modern society with an individual face, history, and culture, a country playing a growing role economically and politically, both in the region and in the world.

Therefore also Korean Studies should not be a dangerously diminishing but a growing field and play its particular part in the worldwide communication about our common planet and its future. Joint efforts to break through the vicious circle might eventually lead to a positive answer to the question raised in the title of this paper: teaching Korean to an increasing number of East-West communicators of tomorrow.

P.S. I can report good news about the last weeks: obviously there is some more stuff in the archives: 3sat has broadcast a feature in two parts about shamanism (together 90 minutes). And most encouraging is the following: Under the title "The Korean princess," Im Kwon Taek's film Adada was shown in two parts on sat.1. It was not only shown but nicely commented upon by a Korean student of philosophy in Germany. She introduced the film and explained some scenes she thought to be very deviating from German norms of behaviour. And by singing some verses she briefly introduced the famous Adada song and its special meaning to Korean students. As mentioned above-as a bicultural Korean she presented the film with so much love and dedication that I would not hesitate to call her or a person like her into the hypothetical film department in the hypothetical "modern media Chiphyonjon".

* Although my approach was made independently and with an entirely different background, it coincides in some respects with ideas published in "Confronting Korea's Public Image in the Age of Segyehwa; Building Skills and Awareness in the Global Economy", prepared by KWR International, Inc. for The Federation of Korean Industries - New York Office and the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry in USA, Inc.", which came to my attention in May 1997. I borrowed the metaphor of the "widening gap" from this material.

References

- Baker, Don. "Bringing Heaven and Earth into Harmony", in: Kim-Renaud (ed.), pp. 7-12.

- Bouchez, Daniel , cf. Cho Hung-youn.

- Cho Hung-youn, Daniel Bouchez, Sul Sung-kyung, Yi Tae-jin: "Re-defining Korean Studies in the 21st century. Discussion in commemoration of the 35th Anniversary of the Korea Journal", Korea Journal, vol. 36, no. 3, 1996, pp. 5-19.

- Goethel, Ingeborg. 1996. Der Untergang des alten Korea. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

- Hejtmanek, Milan. "Chiphyonjon", in: Kim-Renaud (ed.) pp. 19-24.

- Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (ed.). 1992/1997. King Sejong the Great, Washington: GWU/ICKL.

- Peterson, Mark. "The Sejong Sillok", in: Kim-Renaud (ed.), pp. 13-19.

- Sasse, Werner. "Teaching Korean Culture through Korean Studies. Creating Myths to Live By", Korea Journal, vol. 36, no. 3, 1996, pp 20-39.

- Sul Sung-kyung, cf. Cho Hung-youn.

Appendix:

German TV July 19-25, 1997-reports about international life, history and culture, nature and landscapes, travelling

TV-stations (broadcasting in German) which I can receive in Koenigs Wusterhausen (southeast of Berlin)

A. Public / state-run channels (11):

1. the 1st and 2nd program: covering all federal countries of Germany

ARD (First public program / all-German station)

ZDF (Second public program / all-German station)

2. the 3rd programs (regional stations, covering one or several federal countries of Germany; related to ARD)

B1 (=Berlin station)

B3 (=BR, Bavarian station)

Kinderkanal (channel for kids)

mdr (=Middle German station)

N3 (=NDR, North German station)

ORB (=East German station)

WDR (=West German station)

3. international / European stations (in Germany related to ZDF)

3sat (common channel of Germany, Austria and Switzerland)

arte (German - France Euroepan channel in German and French)

B. Private / commercial channels (14)

1. general : RTL, RTL2, S-RTL, SAT.1, PRO7, Kabel 1, VOX, FAB (Berlin)

2. News channels: n-tv (German news station, news around the clock), Euronews (European)

3. Sports and Music channels: Eurosport, DSF (German Sports TV); MTV music channel, viva music channel

The analysis covers all 11 public/state-run channels plus the two private/commercial channels S-RTL and VOX. Other private/commercial channels did not offer the type of international programs we are looking for in the time of investigation (except for daily news magazines on KABEL 1, SAT.1, PRO7, RTL/RTL2).

For convenience the channels (cf. the following tables) are given in alphabetic order:

3sat (run jointly by Germany, Austria and Switzerland)
ARD (First public program)
arte (German - France Euroepan channel in German and French)
B1 (=SFB3, Berlin station)
B3 (=BR, Bavarian station)
Kinderkanal (channel for kids)
mdr (=Middle German station)
N3 (=NDR, North German station)
ORB (=East German station)
S-RTL (private/commercial)
VOX (private/commercial)
WDR (=West German station)
ZDF (Second public program / all-German station)

The following tables are compiled on the basis of two TV-magazines: "TV Today" no. 15/1997 (July 19 - August 1, 1997) and "Hoer zu" no. 29/1997 (July 19 - 25, 1997)

Weekly magazines are indicated as "(weekly)". The "best TV-time" of the day (roughly 17.00 to 22.00) is indicated by * in the beginning of the lines. In the first column the time is indicated followed by the length in minutes, e.g. 06.30-07.20=40 means a broadcast of 40 minutes in length.

***Saturday 19/7/97***

time/length; station; German title; English title/contents

06.30-07.20=40 ; WDR; Der erste chin. Kaiser ; The first emperor of China (part 2 of 3 parts)

07.00-07.30=30 ; 3sat; TransCanada; Travelling Canada (part 1 of 2 parts: Ontario)

07.30-08.00=30 ; WDR; Europa-Platz; Europe square: news and reports

08.15-08.57=43 ; WDR; Innenansichten: Jenseits von Europa ; Interior view: beyond Europe (part 4 of 7 parts: Family bonds)

09.05-09.35=30 ; 3sat; Inter-City spezial; Travelling in an Inter-City train: Glasgow

10.00-10.30=30 ; WDR; Ferne Welten ; Distant worlds (part 3 of 8 parts: Fishing in Japan)

10.30-11.00=30 ; channel for kids ; Abenteuer Ueberleben; The adventure of survival (international reports about adventures and survival)

13.00-13.30=30 ; B3; Monitor Italia; news and information about Italy

14.30-15.20=50 ; 3sat; Die Seidenstrasse des Meeres; The maritime silk road (part 4 of 12 parts)

*17.00-17.30=30 ; mdr; Windrose ; Compass card: reports from abroad (weekly)

*18.15-18.45=30 ; B1; on tour; travel magazine (weekly): Southern California

*18.15-18.52=42 ; mdr; Unterwegs; on the road: travel magazin (weekly)

*18.30-19.00=30 ; 3sat; ausland; foreign countries: reports from abroad (weekly)

*19.15-19.30=15 ; N3; NORDtour; travel magazin (weekly)

*20.15-20.25=10 ; arte; Mit offenen Karten; political-geographical magazin: Indonesia 1: General overview

*21.55-22.25=30 ; WDR; Der Wuestenball - Feiern im austral. Outback; A party in the desert - partying in the Australian outback, report

04.35-05.35=30 ; ZDF; Reiselust; international travel magazin (weekly)

***Sonday 20/7/97***

time/length; station; German title; English title/contents

05.45-06.15=30 ; mdr; Windrose ; Compass card: reports from abroad (weekly)

10.30-11.15=45 ; B1; Vom Orinoko zu den Anden ; From Orinoko to the Andes: travel report about the Americas (part 1 of 4 parts)

11.00-11.45=45 ; B3; Cafe Europa; News, reports, and chatting in different European cities

12.30-13.00=30 ; 3sat; Wege im Wandel; Changing faces of hiking paths: from Salzburg to Bad Aussee (Austria)

12.30-13.30=60 ; ORB; Europa und die Welt; Europe and the world (weekly)

16.30-17.00=30 ; n-tv; n-tv-Reisen; travel magazin of n-tv (weekly)

16.35-17.00=25 ; ORB; Abenteuer Ueberleben: Feuerdaemonen in Neuseelands; The adventure of survival: Fire demons in the north of Neusealand

*17.05-17.30=25 ; B3; on tour; travel magazin (weekly): Alaska, Siberia

*18.15-19.15=60 ; vox; vox-Tours: Jamaika; travel magazine (weekly): Jamaica

*19.10-19.50=40 ; ARD; Weltspiegel ; Mirror of the World: reports from abroad (weekly)

*19.30-20.00=30 ; n-tv; n-tv-Reisen; travel magazin of n-tv (weekly)

*20.15-21.00=45 ; N3; Das Reich des russ. Baeren; The empire of the Russian bear (part 2 of 6 parts)

*21.00-21.15=15 ; 3sat; Schaetze der Welt - Erbe der Menschheit; Treasures of the world - Heritage of mankind: Venice and her Lagunas

*21.00-21.45=45 ; B1; Vom Orinoko zu den Anden ; From Orinoko to the Andes: travel report about the Americas (part 2 of 4 parts)

*21.45-22.30=45 ; B1; 500 Nations - Die Geschichte der Indianer; 500 Nations - The history of the Indians in the Americas (part 3 of 8 parts)

22.30-23.00=30 ; B1; Kolonialmacht Deutschland ; Colonial power Germany: (part 3 of 6 parts: Tansania)

00.55-01.25=30 ; mdr; Mit Dubinski reisen; Travelling with Mr. Dubinski: Menorca

02.00-02.30=30 ; mdr; Windrose ; Compass card: reports from abroad (weekly)

04.00-04.30=30 ; WDR; Ferne Welten ; Distant worlds (part 3 of 8 parts: Fishing in Japan)

04.50-05.30=30 ; ARD; Weltspiegel ; Mirror of the World: reports from abroad (weekly)

05.30-06.00=30 ; WDR; Erlebnisreisen; Travels and events: Ireland

***Monday 21/7/97***

time/length; station; German title; English title/contents

06.30-07.15=45 ; WRD; Die schlemmenden Frauen von Ogoloma; The feasting women of Ogoloma - report about Ogoloma women in Nigeria awaiting marriage

10.00-10.30=30 ; B1/mdr; Tuerkei: Land und Sprache ; Turkey: the country and its language (part 23 of 26 parts)

10.03-10.45=40 ; ARD; Weltspiegel; Mirror of the World: reports from abroad (weekly)

11.30-12.00=30 ; 3sat; ausland; abroad: reports from abroad (weekly)

13.00-14.00=60 ; N3; Afrikas zweiter Fruehling; Africas second springtime: modern life in Africa (part 2 of 3 parts: Women)

*17.20-17.30=10 ; mdr; Auf gute Nachbarschaft - Ost-Europa-Magazin; For good neighbourhood - Eastern European magazine (weekly)

*17.30-18.00=30 ; N3; Skizzen aus Frankreich; Notes from France (part 5 of x parts: The Atlantic Coast)

*18.15-19.00=45 ; 3sat; Bilder aus Oesterreich ; magazin about Austria, life, landscape, culture

*19.30-20.15=45 ; B3; Lebenslinien: Despinas Heimkehr; Biographies: Report about a Greek woman returning to Greece after 30 years working in Germany

*20.15-21.00=45 ; ARD; Transasia - Auf der Strasse der Tiger ; travel report about Asian countries (part 3 of 6 parts: India)

*20.15-21.00=45 ; 3sat; Ein Rattenkoenig. V-Maenner in den USA; A "king of rats" - Methods of the secret police in the USA

22.00-23.00=60 ; WDR; Skizzen aus Marokko ; Reports about Marokko (part 1 of 3 parts)

***Tuesday 22/7/97***

time/length; station; German title; English title/contents

06.00-06.30=30 ; N3; Skizzen aus Frankreich; Notes from France (part 5 of x parts: The Atlantic coast)

06.30-07.15=45 ; WDR; Korsika: Im Kastanien-Tal ; Corsica: In the chestnut valley

07.40-08.25=45 ; mdr; Vergessen will ich nicht - Zwei Lebenswege zwischen Russland und Deutschland; I will not forget - Two biographies between Russia and Germany

10.00-10.30=30 ; B1/mdr; Tuerkei: Land und Sprache ; Turkey: the country and its language (part 24 of 26 parts)

11.30-12.00=30 ; 3sat; Vom Modell zum Millionengrab: Portug. Landw. ; From modell to financial desaster: agriculture in Portugal

12.00-12.30=30 ; WDR; Essen und Trinken: Chinesische Kochmethoden; Eating and drinking: Chinese cooking methods

*16.45-17.15=30 ; 3sat; Azimut(h)s; Magazine about developing countries (part 8 of 18 parts)

*17.15-17.45=30 ; 3sat; Reiselust; international travel magazin (weekly)

*17.30-18.00=30 ; B1; Weltreisen; Travelling the world: Easter Island

*18.05-18.20=15 ; WDR; Antwerpen - Europas Diamantenmetropole; report about Antwerp, the European centre of diamonds

*20.15-21.00=45 ; S-RTL; Ein Tag wie kein anderer; A day like no other day (travel show): Travelling Middle America, the country of the Mayas

*20.15-21.00=45 ; WDR; Nomaden des Windes ; Nomades of the wind: Life, history and culture in the pacific region (South Sea) (part 3 of 5 parts)

*20.15-21.00=45 ; ORB; New Guinea: Expeditionsbericht; Report about an expedition to New Guinea (part 2 of 2 parts)

*21.00-21.45=45 ; WDR; Hobbythek auf Reisen; "Hobbythek" at guest in the Ivory Coast

22.15-22.45=30 ; ZDF; Der Mord und die Kathedrale - Wer hat Angst vor Alexander Men? ; The murder case and the cathedral: who is afraid of Alexander Men? Report about the murder of a priest in Moscow and the new church life

22.50-23.20=30 ; B3; Kompass; Compass: reports from abroad (weekly)

23.40-00.25=45 ; S-RTL; Ein Tag wie kein anderer; A day like no other day (travel show): Travelling Middle America, the country of the Mayas

01.45-02.35=50 ; vox; vox-Tours; international travel magazin (weekly): Jamaica

05.00-05.30=30 ; ZDF; Der Mord und die Kathedrale - Wer hat Angst vor Alexander Men? ; The murder case and the cathedral: who is afraid of Alexander Men? Report about the murder of a priest in Moscow and the new church life

***Wednesday 23/7/97***

time/length; station; German title; English title/contents

06.30-07.15=45 ; WDR; Leben im Schilfmeer; Die Fischer vom Manchar-See in Pakistan; Live in a sea of reed: fishermen on lake Manchar in Pakistan

07.00-07.30=30 ; B1; Drehscheibe Europa; Turntable Europe: reports from European countries

08.10-08.40=30 ; mdr; Windrose ; Compass card: reports from abroad (weekly)

09.45-10.15=30 ; 3sat; Reiselust; international travel magazin (weekly)

10.00-10.30=30 ; B1/mdr; Tuerkei: Land und Sprache ; Turkey: the country and her language (part 25 of 26 parts)

10.03-10.45=42 ; ARD; Luther in Hongkong; Lutheran Church meeting in Hong Kong

11.15-12.00=45 ; ORB; New Guinea; Report about an expedition to New Guinea (part 2 of 2 parts)

11.30-12.00=30 ; 3sat; Nachbarn; Neighbours - Magazine about people of different nations living together (weekly)

12.30-13.15=45 ; ORB; Tell Basta - Glanz und Untergang einer Nilmetropole; Tell Basta - Excavations in an early metropolis on the river Nile in Egypt

12.30-13.00=30 ; B3; on tour; travel magazine (weekly): Alaska and Siberia

13.30-14.15=45 ; B3; Reisewege zur Kunst: Frankreich: Auvergne (N.); journey to the arts: France: The Northern Auvergne (part 13 of x parts about France)

*17.00-17.15=15 ; 3sat; Schaetze der Welt - Erbe der Menschheit; Treasures of the world - Heritage of mankind: Venice and her Lagunas

*17.15-17.45=30 ; 3sat; Reisen in Griechenland; Travelling in Greece

*17.30-18.00=30 ; N3; Bahnhoefe Europas; European train stations (part 2 of x parts: Istanbul)

*18.15-19.00=45 ; 3sat; Bilder aus der Schweiz ; Views on Switzerland: life, landscape, culture

*19.50-20.15=25 ; ORB; Reiseland Jordanien; Travel magazin about Jordania

*20.15-21.00=45 ; N3; Scherben machen nicht satt - Valdivia, ein Fischerdorf am Stillen Ozean (Ecuador); You cannot eat potsherd - Archaeological discoveries in an Ecuadorian village: native people defend their culture

*21.00-21.45=45 ; ZDF; Das Ende der gruenen Hoelle - Vernichtung des Regenwaldes; The end of the green hell - Killing the rain forest (part 1 of 3 parts: The dying of the Yanomami indians in Southern Venezuela)

*21.40-22.35=55 ; arte; Dagarwani - Musik aus Nordindien; Dagarwani - Music from northern India

*22.05-22.50=45 ; WDR; 500 Nations - Die Geschichte der Indianer; 500 Nations: the history of the Indians in the Americas (part 4 of 8 parts)

22.50-23.04=14 ; WDR; Rueckblende: "Grandola, vila morena"-Ein portugies. Lied macht Geschichte; Looking back: "Grandola, vila morena" - a Portuguese song makes history

23.50-00.35=45 ; 3sat; Pariser Journal; People and life in Paris

***Thursday 24/7/97***

time/length; station; German title; English title/contents

06.00-06.30=30 ; N3; Bahnhoefe Europas; European train stations (part 2 of x parts: Istanbul)

06.30-07.15=45 ; WDR; Die Zauberkraft des Ingwer - Papua Neuguinea; The magic of ginger - Report from Papua New Guinea

07.00-07.30=30 ; N3; Kinderweltspiegel; explaining the world for kids (weekly)

10.00-10.30=30 ; B1/mdr; Tuerkei: Land und Sprache ; Turkey: the country and its language (last part of 26 parts)

10.45-11.00=15 ; ARD; Unterwegs; On the road: travel guide (weekly)

10.50-11.15=25 ; ORB; Reiseland Jordanien; travel magazin about Jordania

12.30-13.30=60 ; ORB; Europa und die Welt; Europe and the world (weekly)

13.30-14.15=45 ; B3; Wege nach Santiago; Ways to Santiago: Pilgrimage to Santiago di Compostela (Spain) (part 1 of 4 parts)

15.45-16.00=15 ; mdr; NORDtour; travel magazine (weekly)

*16.30-17.15=45 ; 3sat; Schlangengott und Millionaer - Menschen in der Provinz Fujian/China; The snake god and the millionaire - People in the province of Fujian/China

*17.30-18.00=30 ; N3; Fernoestliche Heilkunde ; Far Eastern curing methods (part 5 of 7 parts: Ga Tan in Vietnam - curing with herbs)

*19.30-20.15=45 ; B3; Wunderbare Wasserwege ; life and landscapes along beutiful rivers and channels (part 1 of 6 parts: On the Royal Channel to the Mediterranium)

*20.00-20.30=30 ; arte; Landschaften; Landscapes (part 2 of 7 parts: the seaport Lorient)

*21.15-21.45=30 ; ZDF; auslandsjournal; reports from abroad (weekly)

*22.00-22.30=30 ; N3; WeltBilder; reports from abroad (weekly), incl. part 2 of a summer series on China: The Uigurs in Kaschgar

23.00-23.45=45 ; ARD; Kinder der Welt: Jordanien - Im Bann des Islam; Children of the world: Jordania - Islamic education

23.45-00.30=45 ; WDR; Inseln: Samothrake, Griechenland; Islands: Samothrake in Greece

04.05-04.35=30 ; ZDF; Reiselust; international travel magazin (weekly)

05.00-05.30=30 ; ZDF; auslandsjournal; reports from abroad (weekly)

***Friday 25/7/97***

time/length; station; German title; English title/contents

06.00-06.30=30 ; N3; Fernoestliche Heilkunde ; Far Eastern curing methods (part 5 of 7 parts: Ga Tan in Vietnam - curing with herbs)

06.30-07.15=45 ; WDR; Menam, die Mutter des Wassers. Report Thailand; Menam, the mother of the water. Report from Thailand

07.00-07.30=30 ; N3; WeltBilder; reports from abroad (weekly) incl. part 2 of a summer series on China: The Uigurs in Kaschgar

10.03-10.35=30 ; ZDF; auslandsjournal; reports from abroad (weekly)

13.00-13.45=45 ; N3; Scherben machen nicht satt - Valdivia, ein Fischerdorf am Stillen Ozean (Ecuador); You cannot eat potsherd - Archaeological discoveries in an Ecuadorian village: native people defend their culture

*18.15-19.00=45 ; 3sat; Reisewege zur Kunst: China ; Journey to the arts: China