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American
Investors and the War against Terrorism
By
Barry Metzger
President Bush, in making
the point that America's war against terrorism will be a protracted
war on military, diplomatic and economic fronts, has made
clear that we will seek to foster economic development in
Afghanistan and elsewhere to address poverty and isolation
as factors which breed recruits to the terrorists' cause.
American foreign aid and the multilateral institutions in
which the United States has a voice - World Bank, Asian Development
Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and
the United Nations -- will mobilize support for Afghanistan's
reconstruction, Pakistan's economic rehabilitation and broader
aid to other countries of South and Central Asia and, inevitably,
the Middle East.
But America's policies
of economic reconstruction and development elsewhere have
been most effective when such efforts were not those of the
public sector alone. Private sector investment and trade are
the driving forces of economic development, and the economic
war against terrorism requires the active participation by
American businesses in the countries of South and Central
Asia and among the broader Islamic world.
During the 1990s, as
American businesses' investments in East and Southeast Asia
grew dramatically, their investments in South and Central
Asia, by comparison, were paltry. American private sector
direct investment in these countries is scattered and totals
less than $6 billion, a mere fraction (less than 4%) of American
direct investment elsewhere in the Asia Pacific region. American
private sector direct investment in the Middle East (other
than investment in Israel) has been even less, approximately
$5 billion.
Opportunities were more
promising in East and Southeast Asia, and those parts of Asia
were more familiar territory to most American businessmen.
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka were slow to open
their economies and further policy reforms are indeed necessary
to further encourage American and other foreign investors.
Most Central Asian countries were in the early stages of transition
to market economies from their communist heritage as republics
of the Soviet Union. Afghanistan was mired in civil war, and
foreign investment was an unthinkable proposition in the Taliban's
Afghanistan. More broadly, the Middle East was often politically
hostile to American investment and was perceived as carrying
high degrees of political risk for investors.
Much needs to be done
by the American government and multilateral institutions to
encourage further the countries of South and Central Asia
and the Middle East to adopt policies and reform institutions
to rapidly develop their private sectors and to attract the
active involvement of American, European and other Asian investors.
In encouraging private
sector development and the involvement of American businesses
in South and Central Asia and the Middle East, the United
States should drawn on its experiences elsewhere. With the
collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union,
a decade ago, the United States acted decisively to encourage
the private sectors of these countries and to attract American
and other foreign investors. Among such initiatives was the
creation of the American enterprise funds in a number
of Eastern European countries, Russia and Central Asia.
During the first Bush
Administration and the Clinton Administration, ten enterprise
funds were created by the United States, with the mission
of promoting democracy in post-communist states through a
combination of public moneys and private management. With
total capital of $1.3 billion, the funds dispersed businesses
loans and equity investments in private sector businesses
in the countries in which they operate, and also provide technical
assistance to local enterprises. The enterprise funds capital
was provided by Congressional approval through USAID, but
each of the funds is privately managed by independent boards
of directors which are accountable to Congress. While there
have been disappointments at some funds, they have on balance
made an important contribution to encourage economic development
and attract American businesses and other foreign companies.
Investments have been made in local enterprises and many co-investments
have been made in partnership with American and European companies
that establish local operations in these countries. John Birkelund,
the Chairman of the Polish fund, estimates the funds have
collectively created 150,000 jobs, and made more than 50,000
small business loans.
A similar $1 billion
American Enterprise Fund for Asian Recovery and Growth should
be established to operate in South and Central Asia, building
in part upon the small Central Asian enterprise fund established
in 1994. More boldly, Congress should consider establishing
a larger and more comprehensive American Enterprise Fund for
Islamic Development to operate in South and Central Asia and
in the Middle East. Such funds would build bridges for investment
by American and other investors, emphasizing co-investment
in projects in partnership with such investors and local businesses
and also supporting local businesses. Only through the encouragement
of American businesses to invest in South and Central Asia
and the Middle East will the resources required for these
regions' economic rehabilitation and development be mobilized
and a sound basis established for the pursuit of American
strategic interests.
Mr. Metzger is a senior
partner of the Coudert Brothers international law firm and
previously served as General Counsel of the Asian Development
Bank. His opinions do not necessarily reflect those of KWR
International.